軸承的安裝是否正確，影響著精度、壽命、性能。因此，設計及組裝部門對于軸承的安裝要充分研究。希望要按照作業標準進行安裝。
Whether the bearing is installed correctly affects the accuracy, life and performance. Therefore, the design and assembly department should fully study the bearing installation. It is hoped that installation will be carried out according to the operation standard.
作業標準的項目通常如下：
The operation standard items are usually as follows:
?。?）清洗軸承及軸承關連部
(1) cleaning bearings and bearings.
?。?）檢查關連部件的尺寸及精加工情況
(2) check the dimensions and finish machining of related parts.
?。?）安裝
(3) installation
?。?）安裝好軸承后的檢查
(4) inspection after installation of bearings.
?。?）供給潤滑劑
(5) supply lubricants
安裝軸承中常出現的問題：
Common problems in the installation of bearings:
1、內外圈不處于同一旋轉中心，造成軸偏斜
1, the inner and outer circles are not in the same rotation center, causing the axis deviation.
軸偏斜是實際運行軸承中普遍存在的現象，軸心線的偏斜是造成推力軸承失效的主要原因之一。造成軸承與軸不對中的原因有：（1）軸傾斜；（2）轉子安裝誤差；（3）轉子制造誤差；（4）軸、轉子以及軸承運轉時產生的熱彈性變形。軸偏斜造成每塊瓦的油膜厚度、壓力分布、瓦面溫度均不相同，其中對油膜厚度、壓力分布影響很大，對瓦面溫度分布影響較??；軸偏斜使軸承內產生不均勻的流體動壓力，導致軸所受油膜力波動，隨偏斜程度增大，油膜力波動越嚴重；在全油潤滑狀態下，微小的偏斜角變化會造成最小油膜厚度和最大壓力明顯的變化，但瓦面最高溫度變化很小。綜上所述，軸偏斜造成軸承內的油膜厚度不均勻，可能導致油膜破裂，使軸承失效。
Shaft deflection is a common phenomenon in actual operating bearings. The deflection of shaft center line is one of the main causes of thrust bearing failure. The causes of the misalignment between the bearing and the shaft are: (1) shaft tilt; (2) rotor installation error; (3) rotor manufacturing error; (4) thermal elastic deformation of the shaft, the rotor and the bearing in operation. The oil film thickness, pressure distribution and pad surface temperature of each pad are different because of the shaft deflection, which has a great influence on the oil film thickness and pressure distribution, but has a little influence on the pad surface temperature distribution. The more serious the motion is, the smaller the deflection angle changes under the condition of full oil lubrication, the smaller the change of minimum film thickness and maximum pressure, but the change of the highest temperature of the tile surface is very small. In summary, shaft deflection causes uneven oil film thickness in the bearing, which may lead to oil film rupture and failure of the bearing.
安裝時，為了盡可能保持同心，最好的辦法是采用整體結構的外殼，并把安裝軸承的兩個孔一次鏜出。如在一根軸上裝有不同尺寸的軸承時，外殼上的軸承孔仍應一次鏜出，這時可利用襯筒來安裝尺寸較小的軸承。當兩個軸承孔分在兩個外殼上時，則應把兩個外殼組合在一起進行鏜孔。
In order to be as concentric as possible, the best way to install the bearing is to use an integral shell and bore out the two holes in the bearing at one time. If there are bearings of different sizes on one shaft, the bearing holes on the housing should still be bored out at one time, then smaller bearings can be installed with a liner. When the two bearing holes are divided into two shells, two shells should be combined for boring.
2、安裝不到位，有偏差或未安裝到軸承位，造成軸承游隙過小
2, the installation is not in place, there is deviation or not installed to the bearing position, resulting in bearing clearance too small.
運轉時，軸的溫度一般高于外圈的溫度，軸的軸向和徑向熱膨脹將大于外殼的熱膨脹，如果軸承游隙過小，可能會導致卡死。
When running, the shaft temperature is generally higher than the outer ring temperature, axial and radial thermal expansion of the shaft will be greater than the shell thermal expansion, if the bearing clearance is too small, may cause stuck.
3、轉動圈與不動圈的過緊配合
3. Tight fit between the rotating ring and the non moving coil.
軸承配合種類的選取，應根據軸承的類型和尺寸、載荷的大小和方向以及載荷的性質等來決定。正確選擇的軸承配合應保證軸承正常運轉，防止內圈與軸、外圈與外殼孔在工作時發生相對轉動。一般地說，當工作載荷的方向不變時，轉動圈要比不動圈有更緊一些的配合，因為轉動圈承受旋轉的載荷，而不動圈承受局部的載荷。當轉速愈高、載荷愈大和振動愈強烈時，則應選用愈緊的配合。當軸承安裝于薄壁外殼或空心軸上時，也應采用較緊的配合。但是過緊的配合是不利的，這時可能因內外圈的彈性膨脹和外圈的收縮而使軸承內部的游隙減小甚至完全消失，也可能由于相配合的軸和座孔表面的不規則形狀或不均勻的剛性而導致軸承內外圈不規則的變形，這些都將會破壞軸承的正常工作。過緊的配合還會使裝拆困難，尤其對于重型機械。
The selection of matching types of bearings should be decided by the type and size of bearings, the magnitude and direction of loads and the nature of loads. Correct selection of bearing fit should ensure the normal operation of the bearing, to prevent the inner ring and shaft, outer ring and shell hole in the operation of the relative rotation. Generally speaking, when the direction of the working load is unchanged, the rotating ring has a tighter fit than the fixed ring, because the rotating ring bears the rotating load, while the moving ring bears the local load. The higher the speed, the greater the load and the stronger the vibration, the tighter coordination should be used. When bearings are mounted on thin-walled shells or hollow shafts, tighter coordination should also be adopted. However, the over-tight matching is unfavorable. At this time, the internal clearance of the bearing may be reduced or even completely disappeared due to the elastic expansion of the inner and outer rings and the contraction of the outer rings. The irregular deformation of the inner and outer rings of the bearing may be caused by the irregular shape or uneven rigidity of the matching shaft and the surface of the seat hole. All these will be destroyed. Normal operation of bearings. Too tight coordination will make it difficult to assemble and disassemble, especially for heavy machinery.
4、安裝過程中，預緊力過大
4. During the installation process, the pre tightening force is too large.
預緊力是利用裝配過程中施加的外力給予軸承適當的預緊負荷。預緊力過小會使軸承工作時存在間隙，導致支撐剛度和旋轉精度降低，引起振動和噪聲。預緊力過大，會增加滾動體與內、外套圈滾道的摩擦，運轉時溫度升高過快，降低傳動效率，減小軸承壽命。只有施加合適的預緊力才可以消除軸向間隙，減小反向誤差，提高軸系回轉精度，降低振動及噪聲。給予軸承適當的預緊力，即使軸承經過一定時間的運轉后，軸承的相對位置略有變化，預先施加負荷仍能使軸承內外圈位置保持穩定，因此安裝時預緊力的控制十分重要。
The preload is the appropriate preload on the bearing by the external force applied in the assembly process. If the preload is too small, there will be clearance when the bearing is working, which will lead to the reduction of support stiffness and rotational accuracy, resulting in vibration and noise. If the pre-tightening force is too large, the friction between the roller and the raceways of the inner and outer rings will be increased, the temperature will be raised too fast, the transmission efficiency will be reduced, and the bearing life will be reduced. only by applying proper pre-tightening force can the axial clearance be eliminated, the reverse error be reduced, the rotational accuracy of the shafting be improved, and the vibration and noise be reduced. Given proper preloading force, even if the relative position of the bearing changes slightly after a certain period of operation, preloading can still keep the position of the bearing inner and outer rings stable, so it is very important to control the preloading force during installation.
希望在即將安裝前，方才打開軸承包裝。一般潤滑脂潤滑，不清洗，直接填充潤滑脂。潤滑油潤滑，普通也不必清洗，但是，儀器用或高速用軸承等，要用潔凈的油洗凈，除去涂在軸承上的防銹劑。除去了防銹劑的軸承，易生銹，所以不能放置不顧。再者，已封入潤滑脂的軸承，不清洗直接使用。
It is hoped that the bearing packing will be opened before the installation is ready. General grease is lubricated, not cleaned, directly filled with grease. Lubricant lubrication, ordinary also need not be cleaned, but, instruments or high-speed bearings, to use clean oil to clean, remove the anti-rust coating on the bearing. The rust removed from the rust inhibitor is easy to rust, so it can not be ignored. Moreover, bearings bearing grease are not cleaned and used directly.
軸承的安裝方法，因軸承結構、配合等條件而異。一般而言，由于多為軸旋轉，所以內圈需要過盈配合。圓柱孔軸承，多用壓力機壓入，或多用熱裝方法。錐孔的場合，直接安裝在錐度軸上，或用套筒安裝。
The bearing installation method is different from the bearing structure and matching conditions. Generally speaking, the inner ring needs interference fit because of multi axis rotation. Cylindrical bore bearings are usually pressed into or pressed by a press. The cone hole is directly mounted on the taper shaft or installed with sleeve.
安裝到外殼時，一般游隙配合多，外圈有過盈量，通常用壓力機壓入，或也有冷卻后安裝的冷縮配合方法。用干冰作冷卻劑，冷縮配合安裝的場合，空氣中的水分會凝結在軸承的表面。所以，需要適當的防銹措施。軸承的安裝一般需要借助軸承加熱器等專業的工具。
Installation to the shell, general clearance with more, the outer ring has interference, usually press in, or there are cooling installation after the cold shrinkage fit method. When dry ice is used as coolant and cold shrinkage matches installation, moisture in the air will condense on the surface of the bearing. Therefore, appropriate anti rust measures are needed. The installation of bearings usually requires specialized tools such as bearing heaters.
